PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEREMPUAN KORBAN KEKERASAN BERBASIS GENDER ONLINE (KBGO) DI INDONESIA

Abstrak

Perkembangan teknologi informasi telah memperluas ruang interaksi sosial ke dalam ruang digital yang juga melahirkan bentuk kekerasan baru, salah satunya Kekerasan Berbasis Gender Online (KBGO) yang banyak menimpa perempuan. KBGO tidak hanya menimbulkan dampak psikologis dan sosial, tetapi juga mengancam hak korban atas rasa aman, privasi, martabat, dan perlindungan dari diskriminasi sebagaimana dijamin dalam UUD NRI Tahun 1945. Meskipun Indonesia telah memiliki Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (UU TPKS) dan Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (UU ITE), perlindungan hukum terhadap perempuan korban KBGO masih memerlukan pengkajian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perlindungan hukum terhadap perempuan korban KBGO berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku serta merumuskan bentuk perlindungan hukum yang seharusnya diberikan kepada korban. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan (statute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual (conceptual approach). Bahan hukum yang digunakan meliputi bahan hukum primer berupa UUD NRI Tahun 1945, UU TPKS, dan UU ITE, serta bahan hukum sekunder berupa literatur, jurnal ilmiah, dan pendapat para ahli mengenai perlindungan hukum dan hak asasi manusia. Analisis dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menelaah sinkronisasi dan kecukupan norma dalam memberikan perlindungan terhadap perempuan korban KBGO. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap perempuan korban KBGO di Indonesia secara normatif telah tersedia melalui UU TPKS dan UU ITE, termasuk pengaturan mengenai penanganan, perlindungan, dan pemulihan korban serta penindakan terhadap pelaku. Berdasarkan Teori Hak Asasi Manusia, kewajiban negara untuk menghormati (respect) dan sebagian kewajiban melindungi (protect) telah diakomodasi, sedangkan kewajiban memenuhi (fulfill) belum terlaksana secara optimal, terutama dalam pemulihan berbasis risiko digital. Adapun berdasarkan Teori Perlindungan Hukum, perlindungan yang seharusnya diberikan kepada korban meliputi perlindungan preventif, represif, dan pemulihan berbasis digital secara terpadu. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan mekanisme penghapusan konten digital (takedown mechanism), integrasi penerapan UU TPKS dan UU ITE, serta sistem pemulihan yang lebih responsif terhadap karakteristik ruang siber guna menjamin perlindungan yang efektif dan pemulihan hak perempuan korban KBGO.

The rapid development of information technology has expanded social interaction into the digital sphere, which has also given rise to new forms of violence, including Online Gender-Based Violence (OGBV) predominantly experienced by women. OGBV not only causes psychological and social harm but also threatens victims’ constitutional rights to security, privacy, dignity, and protection from discrimination as guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Although Indonesia has enacted Law Number 12 of 2022 on Sexual Violence Crimes (TPKS Law) and Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (ITE Law), the effectiveness of legal protection for women victims of OGBV still requires further examination. This study aims to analyze the existing legal protection for women victims of OGBV under prevailing laws and to formulate the appropriate form of legal protection within the framework of the rule of law and human rights principles. This research employs a normative legal research method using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The primary legal materials consist of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the TPKS Law, and the ITE Law, while secondary legal materials include legal literature, academic journals, and scholarly opinions concerning legal protection and human rights. The data were analyzed qualitatively by examining the coherence, adequacy, and effectiveness of legal norms in providing protection to women victims of OGBV. The results indicate that, normatively, the State has recognized and criminalized OGBV through the TPKS Law and the ITE Law and has guaranteed victims’ rights to handling, protection, and recovery. However, such legal protection has not been fully optimal, particularly regarding the removal and control of digital content, which constitutes a continuous source of harm for victims. From a human rights perspective, the State’s obligations to respect and protect have been accommodated through criminalization and law enforcement mechanisms, yet the obligation to fulfill still requires strengthening, especially in terms of digital risk-based recovery. Therefore, strengthening content takedown mechanisms, policy harmonization, and a more responsive protection system adapted to the characteristics of cyberspace are necessary to ensure effective and just protection for women victims of OGBV.