ANALISIS PENERAPAN PASAL 1365 KUHPERDATA TENTANG PERBUATAN MELAWAN HUKUM DALAM PUTUSAN PENGADILAN PERDATA

Abstrak

Perbuatan Melawan Hukum (PMH) menjadi salah satu dasar gugatan yang paling sering digunakan dalam perkara perdata di Indonesia karena berperan sebagai sarana perlindungan hukum bagi pihak yang mengalami kerugian akibat tindakan pihak lain. Ketentuan mengenai PMH diatur dalam Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata yang mensyaratkan adanya unsur perbuatan melawan hukum, kesalahan, kerugian, serta hubungan kausal antara perbuatan dan akibat yang ditimbulkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaturan PMH berdasarkan Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata, menelaah penerapan unsur-unsurnya dalam putusan pengadilan perdata, serta mengidentifikasi berbagai persoalan yang muncul dalam penerapannya. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, kasus, historis, dan konseptual melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap sumber hukum, doktrin, serta putusan pengadilan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan Pasal 1365 KUHPerdata dalam praktik peradilan telah dilakukan melalui pengujian terhadap unsur perbuatan, sifat melawan hukum, kesalahan, kerugian, dan hubungan sebab akibat. Meskipun demikian, masih terdapat sejumlah kendala, terutama dalam pembuktian kerugian immateriil, perbedaan pertimbangan antarputusan, penentuan batas antara PMH dan wanprestasi, serta tantangan penyelesaian sengketa di era digital. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan pembaruan regulasi, pedoman bagi hakim, dan penguatan aspek pembuktian guna menciptakan penerapan hukum yang lebih konsisten, adaptif, serta mampu menjamin kepastian hukum.

Unlawful acts are among the most frequently invoked legal grounds in civil litigation in Indonesia, serving as a mechanism for legal protection for parties suffering losses caused by the actions of others. The provisions governing unlawful acts are regulated under Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code, which requires the fulfillment of elements consisting of unlawful conduct, fault, damages, and a causal relationship between the act and the resulting loss. This study aims to examine the regulation of unlawful acts under Article 1365 of the Civil Code, analyze the implementation of its elements in civil court decisions, and identify issues arising in its practical application. The research applies a normative legal method using statutory, case, historical, and conceptual approaches through library research involving legal materials, doctrines, and court decisions. The findings reveal that the implementation of Article 1365 of the Civil Code in judicial practice has been conducted through assessment of the elements of conduct, unlawfulness, fault, damages, and causation. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, particularly regarding proof of immaterial damages, inconsistency among court rulings, the distinction between unlawful acts and breach of contract, and legal disputes emerging in the digital era. Therefore, legal reform, judicial guidelines, and strengthened evidentiary mechanisms are required to achieve a more consistent, adaptive, and legally certain application of the law.