DILEMA KEADILAN DAN TRADISI: TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP PRAKTIK HIBAH ANAK KANDUNG DI DESA KAMPUNG TUJUH KABUPATEN SAROLANGUN

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meninjau praktik pemberian hibah di Desa Kampung Tujuh yang sering kali disalahpahami masyarakat sebagai pembagian harta warisan. Secara teoretis, hibah dan waris adalah dua entitas hukum yang berbeda; hibah merupakan pemindahan hak milik semasa hidup, sedangkan waris berlaku setelah pewaris wafat. Praktik pembagian harta semasa hidup ini telah mengakar secara turun-temurun di lokasi penelitian. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif empiris dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Praktik hibah di Desa Kampung Tujuh, Kecamatan Cermin Nan Gedang, Kabupaten Sarolangun cenderung bias gender, di mana hibah sering kali diutamakan hanya kepada sebagian anak khususnya anak perempuan atau anak bungsu tanpa melalui musyawarah keluarga yang inklusif; 2) Implikasi dari praktik ini memicu dampak ganda; dampak positifnya berupa bantuan ekonomi bagi anak, sementara dampak negatifnya memicu kecemburuan sosial, konflik internal, hingga keretakan hubungan silaturahmi antar-ahli waris; 3) Dalam perspektif hukum Islam, ketidakadilan pola distribusi hibah tersebut bertentangan dengan prinsip kesetaraan (taswiyah) antar-anak yang sangat ditekankan oleh Rasulullah SAW. Faktor utama kelanggengan praktik ini adalah minimnya literasi hukum faraidh masyarakat serta kuatnya hegemoni adat setempat. Secara yuridis Islam, hibah yang mengabaikan prinsip keadilan dan batasan syar’i (maksimal sepertiga harta menurut KHI) berpotensi memicu kemudaratan dan sengketa. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan edukasi dan penyuluhan hukum Islam secara massif demi mewujudkan harmonisasi keluarga yang maslahat.

This study aims to examine the practice of hibah (inter vivos gift) in Kampung Tujuh Village, which is often misunderstood by the local community as the distribution of inheritance. Theoretically, hibah and inheritance are two distinct legal entities; hibah refers to the transfer of property ownership during the donor's lifetime, whereas inheritance only takes effect after the deceased passes away. This practice of distributing property during one's lifetime has been deeply rooted across generations in the research location. This study employed an empirical qualitative method, utilizing data collection techniques such as observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The results indicate that: 1) The practice of hibah in Kampung Tujuh Village, Cermin Nan Gedang District, Sarolangun Regency tends to be gender-biased, in which the gift is frequently prioritized only to certain children specifically daughters or the youngest child without inclusive family deliberation; 2) The implications of this practice trigger a dual impact; the positive impact comes in the form of economic assistance for the children, while the negative impact triggers social jealousy, internal conflict, and even the breakdown of family relationships among the heirs; 3) From the perspective of Islamic law, the unequal pattern of hibah distribution contradicts the principle of equality (taswiyah) among children, which is highly emphasized by the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). The primary factors driving the persistence of this practice are the community's lack of literacy regarding faraidh (Islamic inheritance law) and the strong hegemony of local customs. From an Islamic-juridical standpoint, a hibah that disregards the principles of justice and Sharia boundaries (a maximum of one third of the total wealth according to the Compilation of Islamic Law/KHI) has the potential to trigger harm and legal disputes. Therefore, massive education and legal counseling on Islamic law are required to foster a beneficial family harmonization