KONSEP MUNAKAHAT DALAM SYARIAT ISLAM: KAJIAN FIKIH ATAS RUKUN, HUKUM, PEMILIHAN PASANGAN, KHITBAH, DAN LARANGAN MENIKAH SERTA RELEVANSINYA DENGAN HUKUM PERKAWINAN DI INDONESIA

Abstrak

Pernikahan dalam Islam bukan sekadar kontrak keperdataan, melainkan ikatan yang bernilai ibadah dan diatur secara rinci dalam fikih munakahat. Namun, pemahaman generasi muda tentang rukun, hukum, kriteria pemilihan pasangan, tata cara peminangan, dan larangan pernikahan sering kali belum utuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguraikan secara sistematis konsep munakahat yang meliputi pengertian dan dalil nikah, syarat dan rukun, hikmah dan hukum, pemilihan pasangan dan adab khitbah, serta perempuan yang haram dinikahi. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian kepustakaan normatif dan analisis isi deskriptif-analitis terhadap Al-Qur’an, hadis, Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI), literatur fikih, dan artikel jurnal nasional. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa (1) nikah adalah akad yang menghalalkan hubungan suami istri dan bertujuan membentuk keluarga sakinah, mawaddah, dan rahmah; (2) sahnya akad bergantung pada calon mempelai, wali, dua saksi, dan ijab kabul, dengan perbedaan klasifikasi antarmazhab dan penyesuaian dalam KHI; (3) hukum menikah bersifat dinamis (wajib, sunah, mubah, makruh, atau haram) sesuai kondisi mukalaf; (4) agama dan akhlak menjadi prioritas utama dalam memilih pasangan, sedangkan khitbah menuntut penghormatan terhadap batas pergaulan, pinangan orang lain, dan masa iddah; serta (5) larangan menikah terbagi menjadi larangan permanen dan sementara. Kajian ini diharapkan menjadi rujukan literasi pranikah bagi mahasiswa dan calon pengantin.

Marriage in Islam is not merely a civil contract but a bond of worship regulated in detail by the jurisprudence of marriage (fiqh munakahat). Nevertheless, young Muslims’ understanding of its pillars, legal rulings, spouse selection, betrothal etiquette, and marriage prohibitions is often incomplete. This study systematically describes the concept of munakahat, covering the definition and textual evidence of marriage, its pillars and conditions, its wisdom and legal rulings, spouse selection and the etiquette of khitbah, and women who are prohibited for marriage. Using a qualitative normative library research design, the study analyses the Qur’an, hadith, the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), fiqh literature, and articles from national journals through descriptive-analytical content analysis. The findings show that (1) marriage is a contract that makes marital relations lawful and aims at a household characterised by sakinah, mawaddah, and rahmah; (2) its validity depends on the groom and bride, a guardian, two just witnesses, and offer and acceptance (ijab–qabul), with differences in classification among schools of law and adaptations in the KHI; (3) the ruling on marriage is dynamic (obligatory, recommended, permissible, disliked, or prohibited) depending on the individual’s condition; (4) religiosity and character are the primary criteria for choosing a spouse, while khitbah requires observing the limits of interaction, other men’s proposals, and the waiting period (iddah); and (5) marriage prohibitions are divided into permanent and temporary ones. The article is expected to serve as a pre-marital literacy reference for students and prospective couples.