EVALUASI SISTEM PENYIRAMAN TANAMAN BERBASIS ESP32 DENGAN SUMBER ENERGI TENAGA SURYA UNTUK LAHAN HAMPARAN DI KELURAHAN BAKUNG JAYA

Abstrak

Sistem penyiraman otomatis berbasis teknologi menjadi solusi strategis untuk optimalisasi distribusi air pada lahan pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi kinerja sistem penyiraman otomatis berbasis mikrokontroler ESP32 dengan sumber energi tenaga surya yang telah beroperasi sejak Oktober 2024 di lahan hamparan Kelurahan Bakung Jaya, Jambi. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan pengumpulan data primer melalui sensor kelembaban tanah, pengukuran suhu udara, dan monitoring radiasi matahari selama periode Mei-Agustus 2025. Evaluasi mencakup pengujian akurasi sensor, keseragaman distribusi air, dan performa sistem pembangkit listrik tenaga surya. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan sensor kelembaban tanah memiliki akurasi sangat baik dengan nilai MAPE di bawah 6 persen. Namun, sistem menghadapi keterbatasan pada keseragaman distribusi air dengan nilai Coefficient of Uniformity 69,1 persen dan Distribution Uniformity 50,9 persen yang tergolong kurang merata. Performa PLTS mencatat Performance Ratio 15,19-21,94 persen dengan defisit energi signifikan, dimana kapasitas panel 200 Wp hanya mampu memenuhi 11-16 persen kebutuhan energi pompa 1200 watt-jam per hari. Kapasitas baterai VRLA 50 Ah dengan energi efektif 270 watt-jam tidak mencukupi untuk satu siklus penyiraman penuh. Pengembangan sistem memerlukan peningkatan kapasitas panel menjadi 400 Wp, penggantian baterai menjadi 100 Ah, dan implementasi zonasi penyiraman menggunakan solenoid valve untuk meningkatkan keseragaman distribusi dan efisiensi energi.

Technology-based automatic irrigation systems offer a strategic solution to optimize water distribution in agricultural land. This study aims to evaluate the performance of an ESP32-based automatic irrigation system powered by solar energy that has been operating since October 2024 on open farmland in Bakung Jaya Village, Jambi, Indonesia. The research employed a quantitative approach, with primary data collected through soil moisture sensors, air temperature measurements, and solar radiation monitoring during the period from May to August 2025. The evaluation included sensor accuracy testing, water distribution uniformity analysis, and performance assessment of the photovoltaic power system. The results indicate that the soil moisture sensors exhibit very good accuracy, with Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) values below 6%. However, the system experiences limitations in water distribution uniformity, with a Coefficient of Uniformity (CU) of 69.1% and Distribution Uniformity (DU) of 50.9%, indicating uneven irrigation performance. The photovoltaic system recorded a Performance Ratio ranging from 15.19% to 21.94%, revealing a significant energy deficit, as the 200 Wp solar panel capacity was only able to supply 11–16% of the daily energy demand of the irrigation pump (1200 Wh/day). In addition, the 50 Ah VRLA battery, with an effective energy capacity of 270 Wh, was insufficient to support a full irrigation cycle. System development therefore requires increasing the solar panel capacity to 400 Wp, upgrading the battery capacity to 100 Ah, and implementing irrigation zoning using solenoid valves to improve water distribution uniformity and overall energy efficiency.