URGENSI REGULASI KHUSUS (LEX SPECIALIS) BAGI PEKERJA PLATFORM DIGITAL GUNA MEWUJUDKAN KEPASTIAN HUKUM DAN KERJA LAYAK

Abstrak

Perkembangan ekonomi digital telah melahirkan bentuk hubungan kerja baru melalui platform digital seperti ojek online, kurir, dan layanan berbasis aplikasi lainnya. Meskipun model kerja ini membuka peluang kerja yang luas, pekerja platform digital masih menghadapi persoalan serius berupa ketidakpastian status hukum, ketiadaan jaminan sosial, penghasilan yang tidak stabil, serta kontrol kerja berbasis algoritma yang menciptakan hubungan subordinatif terselubung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis urgensi pembentukan regulasi khusus (lex specialis) bagi pekerja platform digital guna mewujudkan kepastian hukum dan kerja layak, serta menjelaskan mengapa regulasi umum (lex generalis) belum mampu memberikan perlindungan hukum yang maksimal. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Bahan hukum primer terdiri dari peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang ketenagakerjaan dan jaminan sosial, sedangkan bahan hukum sekunder diperoleh dari jurnal, literatur, dan hasil penelitian terdahulu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pekerja platform digital secara substantif memenuhi unsur hubungan kerja, namun secara formal ditempatkan sebagai “mitra” sehingga berada dalam kekosongan hukum. Kondisi ini menyebabkan perlindungan atas upah minimum, jaminan sosial, keselamatan kerja, waktu kerja, dan mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa tidak dapat diterapkan secara optimal. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan regulasi khusus yang secara eksplisit mengatur status hukum, standar perlindungan minimum, transparansi algoritma, serta tanggung jawab platform terhadap pekerja digital.

The development of the digital economy has given rise to new forms of employment relationships through digital platforms such as online motorcycle taxi services, couriers, and other application-based services. Although this work model has created broad employment opportunities, digital platform workers continue to face serious challenges, including legal uncertainty regarding their employment status, the absence of social security protection, unstable income, and algorithm-based labor control that creates a concealed subordinative relationship. This study aims to analyze the urgency of establishing a specific regulation (lex specialis) for digital platform workers in order to ensure legal certainty and decent work, as well as to explain why general regulations (lex generalis) have not been able to provide adequate legal protection. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials consist of laws and regulations in the fields of labor and social security, while secondary legal materials are derived from journals, literature, and previous studies. The findings indicate that, substantively, digital platform workers fulfill the elements of an employment relationship; however, formally, they are classified as “partners,” thereby placing them in a legal vacuum. This condition results in the inadequate application of protections related to minimum wage, social security, occupational safety, working hours, and dispute resolution mechanisms. Therefore, a specific legal framework is required to explicitly regulate their legal status, minimum protection standards, algorithmic transparency, and the responsibilities of digital platforms toward workers.