MAZHAB-MAZHAB TASAWUF DALAM ISLAM: STUDI KOMPARATIF TASAWUF AKHLAQI, AMALI, DAN FALSAFI

Abstrak

Tasawuf merupakan dimensi spiritual Islam yang telah berkembang selama lebih dari empat belas abad. Studi ini mengkaji tiga mazhab utama tasawuf, yaitu tasawuf akhlaqi, tasawuf amali, dan tasawuf falsafi, dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan (library research) dan analisis komparatif. Hasil kajian memperlihatkan bahwa ketiga mazhab ini memiliki akar epistemologis yang berbeda tetapi saling melengkapi. Tasawuf akhlaqi bertumpu pada pemurnian akhlak dan jiwa berdasarkan Al-Quran dan Sunnah. Tasawuf amali menekankan praktik spiritual seperti dzikir, mujahadah, dan riyadah dalam kerangka tariqah. Tasawuf falsafi membangun sistem metafisika spiritual yang berujung pada konsep-konsep seperti wahdat al-wujud, hulul, dan ittihad. Kajian ini turut mendiskusikan titik-titik pertemuan dan perbedaan antara ketiga mazhab, serta relevansinya dalam konteks spiritualitas Islam kontemporer.

Sufism represents the spiritual dimension of Islam, having developed over more than fourteen centuries. This study examines three major schools of Sufism, namely tasawuf akhlaqi (ethical Sufism), tasawuf amali (practical Sufism), and tasawuf falsafi (philosophical Sufism), through library research and comparative analysis. The findings indicate that these three schools possess distinct epistemological roots that nonetheless complement each other. Ethical Sufism centers on the purification of moral character and the soul based on the Quran and Sunnah. Practical Sufism emphasizes spiritual practices such as dhikr, mujahadah, and riyadah within the framework of tariqah orders. Philosophical Sufism constructs a system of spiritual metaphysics that culminates in concepts such as wahdat al-wujud, hulul, and ittihad. This study further discusses the points of convergence and divergence among the three schools, along with their relevance to contemporary Islamic spirituality