KETAHANAN RANTAI PASOK PRODUK KESEHATAN ESENSIAL DI INDONESIA: KETERSEDIAAN, DISTRIBUSI HINGGA LAST-MILE, DAN PENCEGAHAN STOCKOUT

Abstrak

Ketahanan rantai pasok produk kesehatan esensial menjadi elemen krusial dalam menjamin ketersediaan obat, vaksin, alat kesehatan, dan bahan medis habis pakai, terutama dalam konteks negara kepulauan seperti Indonesia yang menghadapi tantangan geografis dan risiko bencana. Gangguan distribusi, khususnya pada tahap last-mile delivery, seringkali menyebabkan stockout di fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan dan berdampak pada terganggunya layanan kesehatan esensial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi supply chain resilience dalam menjaga ketersediaan essential health products, mengidentifikasi faktor pendukung dan penghambat distribusi end-to-end hingga last-mile, serta merumuskan strategi penguatan sistem dalam kondisi rutin maupun krisis di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah systematic literature review mengacu pada pedoman PRISMA 2020 dengan rentang publikasi 2020–2025. Pencarian dilakukan melalui Google Scholar, jurnal nasional terakreditasi (SINTA), serta jurnal internasional akses terbuka. Dari 1.356 artikel yang teridentifikasi, sebanyak 15 artikel memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan dianalisis dalam sintesis akhir. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa ketahanan rantai pasok dibentuk oleh redundansi dan diversifikasi pemasok, fleksibilitas distribusi, kolaborasi lintas sektor, transformasi digital, serta penguatan tata kelola dan investasi jangka panjang. Penguatan sistem secara terintegrasi diperlukan untuk mencegah stockout dan menjamin keberlanjutan layanan kesehatan esensial di Indonesia.

Healthcare supply chain resilience plays a crucial role in ensuring the availability of essential health products, including medicines, vaccines, medical devices, and consumables, particularly in an archipelagic country such as Indonesia that faces geographical challenges and disaster risks. Disruptions in distribution, especially at the last-mile delivery stage, frequently result in stockouts at healthcare facilities and negatively affect essential health services. This study aims to analyze supply chain resilience strategies in maintaining the availability of essential health products, identify enabling and constraining factors in end-to-end and last-mile distribution, and formulate system strengthening strategies for both routine and crisis conditions in Indonesia. A systematic literature review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, covering publications from 2020 to 2025. Articles were retrieved from Google Scholar, nationally accredited journals (SINTA), and open-access international journals. Of the 1,356 identified articles, 15 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final synthesis. The findings indicate that resilience is shaped by supplier redundancy and diversification, distribution flexibility, cross-sector collaboration, digital transformation, and strengthened governance with long-term investment strategies. An integrated and adaptive approach is essential to prevent stockouts and ensure the sustainable availability of essential health products in Indonesia.