INTERVENSI KEPERAWATAN PADA PASIEN ANAK DENGAN PENYAKIT JANTUNG BAWAAN: PENEKANAN PADA PERAWATAN DAN FOLLOW-UP PASCAOPERASI : SCOPING REVIEW/ NURSING INTERVENTIONS FOR PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE WITH AN EMPHASIS ON POSTOPERATIVE CARE

Abstrak

Latar Belakang: Penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) merupakan kelainan struktural jantung sejak lahir yang dapat memengaruhi tumbuh kembang, status nutrisi, kapasitas fisik, kualitas hidup, serta beban psikososial keluarga, terutama pada fase pascaoperasi. Scoping review ini bertujuan memetakan jenis intervensi keperawatan pada pasien anak dengan PJB dan/atau orang tua sebagai caregiver, dengan penekanan pada perawatan dan follow-up pascaoperasi. Metodologi Review disusun mengikuti scoping review Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) yang diperbarui oleh Peters et al. (2020) dan dilaporkan sesuai PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), melalui tahapan penetapan pertanyaan berbasis kerangka PCC, pencarian literatur, seleksi, ekstraksi, serta sintesis naratif. Pencarian dilakukan pada lima basis data—PubMed, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, Scopus, dan Google Scholar—menggunakan kombinasi kata kunci, istilah terindeks (MeSH/CINAHL Headings), dan operator Boolean (AND/OR), hasil 1.750 artikel; setelah penyisihan duplikat dan penyaringan, lima artikel utama memenuhi kriteria. Kelima artikel meliputi dua intervensi aktivitas fisik berbasis digital pada anak/remaja PJB serta tiga intervensi edukasi, telehealth, dan nursing care/home follow-up pada orang tua bayi pascaoperasi PJB. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa intervensi edukasi dan follow-up keperawatan pascaoperasi cenderung meningkatkan kemampuan perawatan orang tua, kualitas hidup, kepatuhan terapi, status nutrisi, dan self-efficacy, serta menurunkan kecemasan dan beban perawatan; intervensi latihan fisik berbasis digital aman pada anak/remaja yang telah disaring secara medis meskipun dampaknya terhadap kebugaran bervariasi. Perbedaan hasil antar-artikel berkaitan dengan desain penelitian, karakteristik populasi, intensitas intervensi, dan luaran yang diukur. Disimpulkan bahwa intervensi pada anak dengan PJB perlu bersifat multidimensi, berpusat pada keluarga, aman secara klinis, serta didukung teknologi digital dan follow-up pascaoperasi berkelanjutan.

Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a structural cardiac defect present from birth that can significantly impact growth and development, nutritional status, physical capacity, quality of life, and the psychosocial burden on families, particularly during the postoperative phase.

Objective: This scoping review aims to map the types of nursing interventions tailored for pediatric patients with CHD and/or their parents as caregivers, with a specific emphasis on postoperative care and follow-up.Methods: The review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review methodology updated by Peters et al. (2020) and reported in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). The process involved establishing a PCC-framework-based research question, literature searching, study selection, data extraction, and narrative synthesis. Searches were performed across five databases—PubMed, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, Scopus, and Google Scholar—using a combination of keywords, indexed terms (MeSH/CINAHL Headings), and Boolean operators (AND/OR). Results: Out of 1,750 retrieved articles, five primary studies met the inclusion criteria after duplicate removal and screening. These included two digital-based physical activity interventions for children/adolescents with CHD and three educational, telehealth, and nursing care/home follow-up interventions for parents of infants

post-CHD surgery. The findings indicated that postoperative educational interventions and nursing follow-up tended to enhance parental caregiving capabilities, quality of life, treatment adherence, nutritional status, and self-efficacy, while reducing anxiety and caregiver burden. Meanwhile, digital-based physical exercise interventions were safe for medically screened children/adolescents, although their impact on physical fitness varied. Variations in outcomes across studies were related to research designs, population characteristics, intervention intensity, and measured outcomes.

Conclusion: Interventions for children with CHD need to be multidimensional, family-centered, clinically safe, and supported by digital technology as well as continuous postoperative follow-up.