REVIEW POLIMER ALAMI YANG DIGUNAKAN DALAM SEDIAAN FARMASI
Kata Kunci:
Polimer Alami, Kitosan, Nanomaterial Fungsional, Crosslinking, Drug Delivery, 3d Bioprinting, Kemasan AktifAbstrak
Polimer alami (biopolimer)—terutama Kitosan, Selulosa, Pati, Gelatin, Alginat, dan Pektin—adalah fondasi bagi material berkelanjutan karena biokompatibilitas dan biodegradabilitasnya. Tinjauan ini menganalisis 40 studi utama (2021-2024) mengenai modifikasi struktural dan fungsional polimer ini. Metode modifikasi kunci meliputi: Pautan Silang Ionik (TPP/Ca2+), Rekayasa Partikel (Spray-freeze-drying, Ultrasonication), dan Pencetakan Lanjut (3D Bioprinting, Electrospinning). Hasil menunjukkan lonjakan kinerja material yang kritis: Nanopartikel Kitosan (120-200 nm) mencapai efisiensi enkapsulasi 70-85% (No. 5); Hidrogel PVA-Kitosan menunjukkan swelling capacity hingga 800% (No. 18); dan scaffold Alginat-Gelatin pasca-cetak mempertahankan viabilitas sel >90% (No. 36). Aplikasi fungsional didominasi oleh Sistem Penghantaran Obat Terkontrol (misalnya, pH/thermo responsive hydrogel, No. 38) dan Material Cerdas (misalnya, kemasan aktif Pektin-AgNPs antimikroba, No. 32). Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa kontrol struktural pada skala nano adalah pendorong utama bagi evolusi polimer alami menjadi material fungsional berkinerja tinggi.
Natural polymers (biopolymers)—primarily Chitosan, Cellulose, Starch, Gelatin, Alginate, and Pectin—are the foundation for sustainable materials due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review analyzes 40 key studies (2021-2024) on the structural and functional modification of these polymers. Key modification methods include: Ionic Crosslinking (TPP/Ca2+), Particle Engineering (Spray-freeze-drying, Ultrasonication), and Advanced Manufacturing (3D Bioprinting, Electrospinning). The results show critical performance jumps: Chitosan Nanoparticles (120-200 nm) achieved encapsulation efficiencies of 70-85% (No. 5); PVA-Chitosan hydrogels displayed a swelling capacity up to 800% (No. 18); and post-printed Alginate-Gelatin scaffolds maintained cell viability >90% (No. 36). Functional applications are dominated by Controlled Drug Delivery Systems (e.g., pH/thermo responsive hydrogels, No. 38) and Smart Materials (e.g., Pectin-AgNPs antimicrobial active packaging, No. 32). This research confirms that structural control at the nanoscale is the primary driver for the evolution of natural polymers into high-performance functional materials.
