TRANSFORMASI ONTOLOGIS DAN LEGITIMASI SYARIAH TRANSAKSI EMAS DIGITAL: ANALISIS FIKIH MUAMALAH, SINKRONISASI REGULASI, DAN IMPLIKASI NORMATIF

Abstrak

Perkembangan perdagangan emas digital menandai transformasi signifikan dalam sistem kepemilikan aset berbasis teknologi, namun sekaligus memunculkan problem hukum dalam perspektif ekonomi syariah, khususnya terkait status emas sebagai barang ribawi yang mensyaratkan kejelasan objek, kepemilikan, dan serah terima. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kedudukan emas digital sebagai māl mutaqawwam, keabsahan akadnya, serta sinkronisasi regulasi Indonesia dengan prinsip syariah dan implikasinya terhadap zakat. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan normatif-empiris melalui studi kepustakaan atas regulasi Bappebti, fatwa DSN-MUI, dan literatur terkait, dengan analisis berbasis teori al-māl, al-milk, dan qabḍ. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa emas digital memiliki legitimasi syariah karena didukung underlying asset fisik, memenuhi unsur milk tām, serta sah secara mekanisme qabḍ hukmī. Regulasi nasional juga selaras dengan Maqāṣid al-Syarī‘ah, khususnya perlindungan harta (ḥifẓ al-māl), sekaligus menegaskan konsekuensi zakat atas kepemilikan emas digital yang telah mencapai niṣāb dan haul.

The development of digital gold trading marks a significant transformation in asset ownership within the financial technology era, while simultaneously raising legal issues in Islamic economic law, particularly because gold is classified as a ribawi commodity that requires clarity of object, ownership, and delivery to avoid usury. This study aims to analyze the status of digital gold as māl mutaqawwam, the validity of its contractual structure, and the synchronization between Indonesian regulatory frameworks and Islamic legal principles, including its implications for zakat obligations. This research employs a qualitative method with a normative-empirical approach based on literature review of Bappebti regulations, DSN-MUI fatwas, and relevant Islamic economic legal sources, using the theoretical framework of al-māl, al-milk, and qabḍ. The findings indicate that digital gold is recognized as a legitimate māl mutaqawwam due to its backing by real physical gold assets, fulfills the requirements of milk tām, and is legally valid under the concept of qabḍ hukmī. Furthermore, Indonesian regulations are aligned with the objectives of Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah, particularly the protection of wealth (ḥifẓ al-māl), while also establishing the obligation of zakat once the ownership reaches the niṣāb and ḥaul thresholds.