KARAKTERISTIK SEL TUMOR PADA KARSINOMA NASOFARING MELALUI PEMERIKSAAN HISTOPATOLOGI: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

Abstrak

Karsinoma Nasofaring (KNF) memiliki karakteristik biologis unik dengan pola penyebaran geografis spesifik di Asia. Pemeriksaan histopatologi krusial untuk menentukan subtipe, mengevaluasi lingkungan mikro tumor, dan memandu tata laksana klinis. Menelaah karakteristik sel tumor KNF berdasarkan pemeriksaan histopatologi, distribusi klinis, lingkungan mikro, dan perkembangan biomarker prognostik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Systematic Literature Review terhadap literatur ilmiah internasional dan nasional yang berfokus pada gambaran laboratorium patologi anatomi dan aspek molekuler KNF. Pemeriksaan histopatologi mengonfirmasi dominasi subtipe non-keratinisasi pada populasi Asia dan pasien usia muda. Karakteristik sel tumor dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan mikro tumor (TME), termasuk infiltrasi limfosit (TILs) yang kini dapat dikuantifikasi menggunakan deep learning. Di samping itu, pathway alteration load dan biomarker spesifik menjadi penentu prognosis, sementara kemoterapi induksi gemcitabine-cisplatin dioptimalkan untuk mengendalikan sel tumor stadium lanjut. Karakteristik histopatologi KNF tidak hanya menentukan diagnosis sitologis, tetapi berintegrasi dengan profil molekuler dan respons imun lingkungan mikro yang memengaruhi hasil klinis pasien.

Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) exhibits unique biological features with specific geographic distribution in Asia. Histopathological examination is crucial for determining subtypes, evaluating the tumor microenvironment, and guiding clinical management. To systematically review NPC tumor cell characteristics based on histopathological examination, clinical distribution, microenvironment, and prognostic biomarker developments. This study employed a Systematic Literature Review method, analyzing international and national scientific literature focusing on anatomical pathology laboratory findings and molecular aspects of NPC. Histopathological examinations confirm the predominance of non-keratinizing subtypes in Asian populations and young patients. Tumor cell characteristics are heavily influenced by the tumor microenvironment (TME), including tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which can now be quantified via deep learning. Furthermore, pathway alteration load and specific biomarkers serve as prognostic determinants, while gemcitabine-cisplatin induction chemotherapy is optimized to control advanced-stage tumor cells. NPC histopathological characteristics do not merely establish cytological diagnosis but integrate with molecular profiles and microenvironmental immune responses affecting clinical outcomes.