REFORMASI SISTEM PERIZINAN BERUSAHA DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ADMINISTRASI NEGARA

Abstrak

Reformasi sistem perizinan berusaha merupakan kebijakan strategis pemerintah Indonesia dalam rangka meningkatkan iklim investasi, efisiensi birokrasi, dan daya saing ekonomi nasional. Melalui penerapan Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja dan sistem Online Single Submission (OSS) berbasis risiko, paradigma perizinan diubah secara mendasar dari sistem selektif berbasis izin menuju sistem deklaratif berbasis risiko dan pengawasan pasca-kegiatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis reformasi sistem perizinan berusaha dalam perspektif hukum administrasi negara, dengan fokus pada perubahan karakter perizinan, implikasi terhadap kewenangan pemerintahan, serta dampaknya terhadap perlindungan hukum pelaku usaha dan masyarakat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan analitis, dengan bahan hukum primer berupa peraturan perundang-undangan di bidang perizinan dan bahan hukum sekunder berupa doktrin serta hasil penelitian ilmiah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa reformasi perizinan berhasil meningkatkan efisiensi prosedural dan kepastian pelayanan, tetapi menimbulkan persoalan yuridis serius berupa pergeseran kewenangan dari daerah ke pusat, melemahnya perlindungan hukum preventif, kaburnya objek sengketa tata usaha negara dalam sistem elektronik, serta menurunnya perlindungan kepentingan umum, khususnya di bidang lingkungan hidup. Secara teoretis, reformasi perizinan masih cenderung berorientasi pada efisiensi ekonomi dan belum sepenuhnya sejalan dengan prinsip-prinsip hukum administrasi negara, seperti legalitas, akuntabilitas kewenangan, dan perlindungan hukum warga negara. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penguatan pengawasan administrasi, penataan ulang pembagian kewenangan pusat–daerah, penegasan pertanggungjawaban keputusan elektronik, serta penguatan akses keadilan sebagai prasyarat reformasi perizinan yang berkeadilan dan berkelanjutan.

The reform of the business licensing system constitutes a strategic public policy in Indonesia aimed at improving the investment climate, bureaucratic efficiency, and national economic competitiveness. Through the enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation and the implementation of the risk-based Online Single Submission (OSS) system, the licensing paradigm has fundamentally shifted from a selective, permit-based model to a declarative, risk-based model with post-activity supervision. This study aims to analyze the reform of the business licensing system from the perspective of administrative law, focusing on the transformation of the legal character of licensing, its implications for governmental authority, and its impact on the legal protection of business actors and the public. The research employs normative legal research methods with statutory, conceptual, and analytical approaches, using primary legal materials in the form of licensing regulations and secondary legal materials consisting of legal doctrines and scientific studies. The findings indicate that while the licensing reform has successfully improved procedural efficiency and service certainty, it has also generated serious juridical problems, including the centralization of authority from local to central government, the weakening of preventive legal protection, the अस्पification of the object of administrative disputes in electronic decision-making, and the decline of public interest protection, particularly in the field of environmental law. Theoretically, the reform remains predominantly oriented toward economic efficiency and has not yet fully aligned with the fundamental principles of administrative law, such as legality, accountability of authority, and the protection of citizens’ rights. This study recommends strengthening administrative supervision, restructuring the division of authority between central and local governments, clarifying accountability for electronic administrative decisions, and enhancing access to justice as essential prerequisites for a fair and sustainable licensing reform.