KETAHANAN SOSIAL PEREMPUAN PERKOTAAN DALAM MENGHADAPI KELANGKAAN GAS LPG 3 KILOGRAM: ANALISIS PRAKTIK SOSIAL PIERRE BOURDIEU DI KECAMATAN SUMBAWA

Abstrak

Kelangkaan LPG 3 kilogram merupakan persoalan yang tidak hanya berkaitan dengan distribusi energi bersubsidi, tetapi juga berdampak terhadap keberlangsungan aktivitas domestik rumah tangga. Perempuan sebagai pihak yang umumnya bertanggung jawab dalam pengelolaan kebutuhan memasak dan pengaturan sumber daya keluarga menjadi kelompok yang paling merasakan konsekuensi dari keterbatasan akses energi tersebut. Kondisi ini mendorong munculnya berbagai strategi bertahan untuk menjaga keberlangsungan aktivitas rumah tangga di tengah ketidakpastian pasokan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis dampak kelangkaan LPG 3 kilogram terhadap praktik kehidupan sehari-hari perempuan sekaligus mengkaji bentuk ketahanan sosial yang mereka bangun dalam menghadapi situasi tersebut di Kelurahan Brang Biji, Kecamatan Sumbawa. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan perspektif praktik sosial Pierre Bourdieu melalui konsep habitus, modal ekonomi, modal sosial, modal budaya, modal simbolik, dan ranah sebagai kerangka untuk memahami strategi yang dikembangkan perempuan dalam menghadapi krisis energi domestik. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain fenomenologi untuk menggali pengalaman hidup informan secara mendalam. Informan dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling berdasarkan pengalaman langsung menghadapi kelangkaan LPG 3 kilogram, dengan mempertimbangkan variasi kondisi ekonomi rumah tangga agar diperoleh gambaran yang lebih komprehensif mengenai praktik ketahanan sosial. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara semi-terstruktur, dan dokumentasi, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman yang meliputi reduksi data, penyajian data, serta penarikan dan verifikasi kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelangkaan LPG 3 kilogram mengubah praktik kehidupan sehari hari perempuan melalui meningkatnya beban domestik, bertambahnya pengeluaran rumah tangga akibat kenaikan harga, terganggunya jadwal memasak, serta perubahan pola konsumsi dan pemanfaatan sumber energi alternatif. Dalam menghadapi kondisi tersebut, perempuan mengembangkan ketahanan sosial melalui tiga dimensi utama. Pada tahap coping capacities, mereka mencari pangkalan alternatif, memanfaatkan jaringan sosial, meminjam tabung gas, dan melakukan penyesuaian pengeluaran rumah tangga. Pada tahap adaptive capacities, perempuan mulai mengubah pola konsumsi, menerapkan teknik memasak yang lebih hemat energi, memperkuat jaringan informasi mengenai distribusi LPG, serta mempersiapkan alternatif ketika pasokan terbatas. Sementara itu, transformative capacitiestercermin dalam terbentuknya kebiasaan baru yang lebih berkelanjutan, seperti penyediaan cadangan energi, penguatan solidaritas antarwarga, dan perubahan sistem pengelolaan energi rumah tangga. Temuan penelitian juga memperlihatkan bahwa keberhasilan perempuan membangun ketahanan sosial sangat dipengaruhi oleh kepemilikan dan kemampuan memanfaatkan modal ekonomi, sosial, budaya, dan simbolik yang berbeda pada setiap rumah tangga. Oleh karena itu, kelangkaan LPG 3 kilogram tidak hanya menunjukkan persoalan distribusi energi, tetapi juga merefleksikan ketimpangan akses terhadap sumber daya yang memengaruhi kemampuan masyarakat dalam membangun ketahanan sosial. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perempuan merupakan aktor utama yang secara aktif menciptakan berbagai strategi adaptif untuk mempertahankan keberlangsungan kehidupan rumah tangga di tengah krisis energi domestik.

The scarcity of 3 kilogram Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) has become an issue that extends beyond subsidized energy distribution and significantly affects the sustainability of household domestic activities. Women, who are generally responsible for cooking and managing household resources, are among the groups most directly affected by limited access to this essential energy source. This situation has encouraged the development of various coping strategies to maintain household activities amid uncertain LPG availability. This study aims to analyze the impacts of the 3 kilogram LPG shortage on women's daily social practices and to examine the forms of social resilience they develop in responding to the crisis in Brang Biji Village, Sumbawa District. The study employs Pierre Bourdieu's theory of social practice as its analytical framework, focusing on the concepts of habitus, economic capital, social capital, cultural capital, symbolic capital, and social field to understand the strategies adopted by women in dealing with domestic energy shortages. A qualitative research design with a phenomenological approach was employed to explore the lived experiences of the participants. Informants were selected through purposive sampling based on their direct experience with the LPG shortage, while differences in household economic conditions were considered to obtain a comprehensive understanding of women's social resilience. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, and were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model, which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing and verification. The findings reveal that the scarcity of 3 kilogram LPG has altered women's daily lives by increasing domestic workloads, raising household expenditures due to higher LPG prices, disrupting cooking schedules, and encouraging changes in consumption patterns as well as the use of alternative energy sources. In response to these challenges, women developed social resilience through three interconnected dimensions. At the coping capacities stage, they sought alternative LPG distributors, relied on social networks, borrowed gas cylinders from relatives or neighbors, and adjusted household expenditures. At the adaptive capacities stage, women modified consumption patterns, adopted energi efficient cooking practices, strengthened information sharing networks regarding LPG distribution, and prepared alternative solutions when supplies became limited. Meanwhile, transformative capacities were reflected in the establishment of more sustainable household energy management practices, including maintaining energy reserves, strengthening community solidarity, and reorganizing household energy management systems. The study further demonstrates that women's ability to build social resilience is strongly influenced by their ownership and utilization of economic, social, cultural, and symbolic capital, which vary across households. Therefore, the scarcity of 3 kilogram LPG represents not only a problem of energy distribution but also reflects inequalities in access to resources that shape communities' capacity to develop social resilience. This study concludes that women play an active and central role in creating adaptive strategies that enable households to sustain their daily lives amid a domestic energy crisis.