PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP KORBAN SALAH TANGKAP DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA INDONESIA

Abstrak

Fenomena salah tangkap dalam sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia merupakan persoalan serius yang tidak hanya mencederai rasa keadilan, tetapi juga berpotensi menimbulkan pelanggaran hak asasi manusia. Kasus-kasus salah tangkap yang kerap viral di ruang publik menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan antara norma hukum yang menjunjung tinggi prinsip due process of law, praduga tak bersalah, dan perlindungan hak tersangka, dengan praktik penegakan hukum oleh aparat. Kondisi tersebut menimbulkan pertanyaan mengenai sejauh mana negara telah memberikan perlindungan hukum yang efektif bagi korban salah tangkap. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaturan hukum serta bentuk perlindungan hukum terhadap korban salah tangkap dalam sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia, sekaligus menelaah tanggung jawab negara dalam menjamin pemulihan hak korban. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, sejalan dengan pandangan Firman Adi Chandra yang menegaskan bahwa penelitian hukum bersifat preskriptif dan bertujuan memberikan solusi normatif terhadap permasalahan hukum. Bahan hukum yang digunakan meliputi bahan hukum primer berupa UUD 1945, KUHAP, dan Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, serta bahan hukum sekunder berupa buku dan artikel jurnal yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum terhadap korban salah tangkap secara normatif telah diatur melalui mekanisme rehabilitasi, kompensasi, dan ganti kerugian, namun dalam praktiknya masih menghadapi berbagai kendala, baik dari aspek regulasi maupun implementasi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya penguatan tanggung jawab negara, peningkatan profesionalitas aparat penegak hukum, serta pembaruan kebijakan hukum pidana guna mewujudkan perlindungan hukum yang berkeadilan bagi korban salah tangkap.

The phenomenon of wrongful arrest within the Indonesian criminal justice system constitutes a serious issue that not only undermines the sense of justice but also potentially results in violations of human rights. Cases of wrongful arrest that frequently become viral in the public sphere demonstrate a gap between legal norms that uphold the principles of due process of law, the presumption of innocence, and the protection of suspects’ rights, and their implementation by law enforcement authorities in practice. This condition raises critical questions regarding the extent to which the state has provided effective legal protection for victims of wrongful arrest. This study aims to analyze the legal regulations and forms of legal protection afforded to victims of wrongful arrest within the Indonesian criminal justice system, as well as to examine the state’s responsibility in ensuring the restoration of victims’ rights. The research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches, in line with the view of Firman Adi Chandra that legal research is prescriptive in nature and intended to offer normative solutions to legal problems. The legal materials consist of primary legal sources, including the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the Criminal Procedure Code, and Law Number 39 of 1999 on Human Rights, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of relevant books and scholarly journal articles. The findings indicate that legal protection for victims of wrongful arrest has been normatively regulated through mechanisms of rehabilitation, compensation, and restitution; however, its implementation remains inadequate due to regulatory and practical constraints. Therefore, this study emphasizes the necessity of strengthening state accountability, enhancing the professionalism of law enforcement officials, and reforming criminal law policies to realize fair and effective legal protection for victims of wrongful arrest.