PENGGABUNGAN BADAN USAHA

Abstrak

Penggabungan badan usaha adalah strategi penting yang mengintegrasikan entitas independen melalui merger, konsolidasi, atau afiliasi untuk mencapai sinergi operasional, efisiensi skala ekonomi, dan peningkatan profitabilitas, sebagaimana diatur dalam PSAK No. 22 tentang Kombinasi Bisnis dan PSAK 65 untuk laporan konsolidasi. Artikel ini menganalisis definisi, bentuk struktural (horizontal, vertikal, konglomerasi), metode akuntansi (purchase method dengan pengakuan goodwill versus pooling of interests), pelaporan kepemilikan berdasarkan tingkat kendali (biaya, ekuitas, konsolidasi), serta dampak positif seperti peningkatan ROA/ROE dan risiko monopoli yang diawasi KPPU. Menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif-analitik berbasis standar akuntansi Indonesia dan literatur empiris (Gupta & Jha 2023; Bonnet & Schain, 2021), pembahasan menyoroti proses eliminasi transaksi intra-entitas, pengujian impairment goodwill, dan kegunaan laporan konsolidasi bagi manajemen serta pemangku kepentingan. Temuan utama menegaskan bahwa penggabungan efektif memerlukan manajemen risiko regulasi POJK No. 74/POJK.04/2016 bagi perusahaan terbuka di Indonesia.

A business combination is a key strategic mechanism for integrating independent entities through merger, consolidation, or affiliation to achieve operational synergies, economies of scale, and increased profitability, as stipulated in PSAK No. 22 (Business Combinations) and PSAK 65 (Consolidated Financial Statements). This article analyzes the definition and structural forms of business combinations (horizontal, vertical, and conglomerate mergers), accounting methods (purchase method with goodwill recognition versus pooling of interests), and ownership reporting approaches based on the level of control (cost method, equity method, and consolidation method). The analysis also examines positive impacts such as increased ROA/ROE alongside monopoly risks as monitored by the KPPU (Indonesian Competition Authority). Employing a descriptive-analytical approach grounded in Indonesian accounting standards and empirical literature (Gupta & Jha, 2023; Bonnet & Schain, 2021), this article discusses the elimination of intra-entity transactions, goodwill impairment testing, and the usefulness of consolidated financial statements for management and stakeholders. The key findings confirm that effective business combinations require comprehensive regulatory risk management in accordance with POJK No. 74/POJK.04/2016 for public companies in Indonesia.