PERBANDINGAN DINAMIKA TATA NEGARA: KAJIAN TEORI DAN PRAKTIK DI INDONESIA, INGGRIS, DAN AMERIKA SERIKAT

Abstrak

Penelitian ini membahas perbandingan dinamika hukum tata negara di Indonesia, Inggris, dan Amerika Serikat dengan menyoroti dua hal utama: pertama, perkembangan teori dan praktik hukum tata negara di Indonesia, serta dampak amandemen UUD 1945 terhadap sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia; dan kedua, perkembangan teori dan praktik hukum tata negara di Inggris dan Amerika Serikat. Di Indonesia, perubahan yang dilakukan melalui empat kali amandemen UUD 1945 telah mengubah sistem ketatanegaraan secara signifikan, meskipun implementasinya masih menghadapi banyak kendala. Menurut Bagir Manan, ada empat faktor utama yang menyebabkan masalah dalam penyelenggaraan negara di Indonesia, yakni ketidaksesuaian dengan dasar-dasar UUD, kelemahan pada undang-undang, perilaku sosial, dan perilaku politik. Selain itu, perbedaan dalam teori dan praktik hukum tata negara terlihat pada perbedaan konsep negara hukum yang dikembangkan di masing-masing negara. Di Eropa Kontinental, negara hukum dikenal dengan istilah "rechtsstaat", sementara di tradisi Anglo-Amerika dikenal dengan istilah "The Rule of Law". Kedua konsep ini mencakup prinsip-prinsip penting seperti perlindungan hak asasi manusia, pembagian kekuasaan, pemerintahan berdasarkan undang-undang, dan peradilan administrasi negara. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun terdapat kemajuan, perbedaan dalam teori dan praktik hukum tata negara tetap menjadi tantangan dalam pelaksanaan pemerintahan di setiap negara.

Constitutional law has a long history and has undergone significant changes in the field of constitutional governance, which have impacted the political systems of many countries. These changes involve fundamental aspects that affect the theory and practice of constitutional law. This study examines the comparative dynamics of constitutional law in Indonesia, the United Kingdom, and the United States, focusing on two main aspects: first, the development of constitutional law theory and practice in Indonesia, as well as the impact of the amendments to the 1945 Constitution on Indonesia's constitutional system; and second, the development of constitutional law theory and practice in the United Kingdom and the United States. In Indonesia, the changes made through four amendments to the 1945 Constitution have significantly altered the constitutional system, although implementation still faces various challenges. According to Bagir Manan, four main factors contribute to issues in Indonesia's governance: misalignment with the basic principles of the Constitution, weaknesses in legislation, social behavior, and political behavior. Furthermore, differences in constitutional law theory and practice are evident in the contrasting concepts of the rule of law developed in each country. In Continental Europe, the rule of law is referred to as "rechtsstaat," while in the Anglo-American tradition, it is known as "The Rule of Law." These concepts encompass essential principles such as the protection of human rights, the separation of powers, governance according to law, and administrative judicial review. This study highlights that, despite progress, the differences in constitutional law theory and practice continue to pose challenges in the implementation of governance in each country.