STRATEGI PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN DI INDONESIA: EVALUASI KEBIJAKAN, TEKNOLOGI DIGITAL, DAN PENDEKATAN LOKAL

Abstrak

Sektor pertanian Indonesia saat ini menghadapi tantangan yang kompleks dan saling berkaitan, seperti perubahan iklim, degradasi lahan, keterbatasan infrastruktur, serta kesenjangan sosial-ekonomi di kalangan petani kecil. Meskipun pemerintah telah meluncurkan berbagai instrumen kebijakan, seperti subsidi pupuk, Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) pertanian, dan program penyuluhan—efektivitas pelaksanaannya masih terbatas akibat lemahnya koordinasi antarinstansi, kurangnya data yang valid, serta minimnya penyesuaian terhadap konteks sosial-budaya lokal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif melalui telaah literatur dari berbagai sumber akademik dan kebijakan . Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa model pertanian berkelanjutan seperti Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA), pertanian organik, dan agroforestry memiliki potensi besar dalam menjawab permasalahan lingkungan dan sosial, khususnya bila didasarkan pada kearifan lokal, sebagaimana yang diterapkan oleh komunitas adat di Papua. Selain itu, transformasi digital melalui Internet of Things (IoT), drone, dan aplikasi pertanian presisi mampu meningkatkan efisiensi produksi serta akses pasar petani. Namun, tingkat adopsi teknologi masih rendah akibat kesenjangan literasi digital dan keterbatasan infrastruktur. Studi ini merekomendasikan perlunya kebijakan pertanian yang inklusif dan adaptif, penguatan kelembagaan petani, serta integrasi teknologi dengan sistem usaha pertanian inovatif guna mewujudkan sektor pertanian Indonesia yang tangguh, berkelanjutan, dan berkeadilan.

Indonesia's agricultural sector is currently facing complex and interrelated challenges, such as climate change, land degradation, limited infrastructure, and socio-economic disparities among smallholder farmers. Although the government has launched various policy instruments, such as fertilizer subsidies, agricultural People's Business Credit (KUR), and extension programs-the effectiveness of their implementation is still limited due to weak coordination between agencies, lack of valid data, and lack of adjustment to the local socio-cultural context. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach through a literature review of various academic and policy sources. The results show that sustainable agriculture models such as Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA), organic farming, and agroforestry have great potential in addressing environmental and social issues, especially when based on local wisdom, as applied by indigenous communities in Papua. In addition, digital transformation through the Internet of Things (IoT), drones, and precision farming applications can improve farmers' production efficiency and market access. However, the level of technology adoption is still low due to the digital literacy gap and limited infrastructure. This study recommends the need for inclusive and adaptive agricultural policies, strengthening farmers' institutions, and integrating technology with innovative agricultural business systems to realize a resilient, sustainable and equitable Indonesian agricultural sector.